Major Research Projects: 01
| Sl No | Name of the faculty | Name of the project | Grant |
| 1. | Dr. B. N. Sunkad | Ecology & Biodiversity of Malaprabha River & its role in socio economic status. | 11,13,484 |
Minor Research Projects: 01
| Sl No | Name of the faculty | Name of the project | Grant |
| 1. | Prof(Smt). S. S. Chobari | A Statistical Analysis Socio Economic Conditions of Senior Citizens of Belgaum City | 1,05,000/- |
Minor Research Projects Completed: 24
Minor Research Project Synopsis
1.Project Investigator
Smt. S.B. Angadi, Associate Professor. Department of Mathematics.
“OPERATIONS AND BIOPERATIONS IN TOPOLOGICAL SPACES”
Summery
The concept of operation in Topological spaces was introduced and investigated by Shouro Kasahara in the year 1979. Many authors like Hayao Ogata, J.Umehara, H.Maki and T.Noiri, G Sai Sundarakrishnan and K.Balachandran and many authors contributed to this area.
In first chapter the recent development of topology contributed by various authors required for subsequent chapters is presented.
The second chapter is devoted to the concept of operations on topological spaces which has been introduced by S.Kasahara. By using an operation on a topological space(X,Y), H.Ogata introduced the concept of – open sets and investigated the related topological properties of the associated topology and .
The third chapter deals with the study of Bioperations on topological spaces. J.Umehara H .Maki and T.Noiri introduced the concept of (,)- open sets and relation between (,)-open sets and -open sets. They introduced new sets -cl (A) and (A) containing a subset A of (X, )and some properties of (,)-closed sets.
In the fourth chapter deals with the concept of semi (,)-open sets and Bi-operation in topological spaces. G.Sai SundaraKrishnan and K.Balachandran introduced the above concepts.
The fifth chapter deals with the study of Bioperations. H.Maki and T.Noiri introduced an alternative Bioperational open sets and some properties of topological spaces.
2.Project Investigator
Prof. B.I. Noganihal , Associate Professor. Department of Mathematics.
“ADVANCED STUDY IN GENERAL AND FUZZY TOPOLOGY”
Summery
The concept of semi open sets in topological spaces was introduced by N.Levine in 1963. Again he introduced, generalised closed (g-closed) sets and a class of topological spaces called T1/2 spaces in order to extend many important properties of closed sets to a larger family in 1970. The generalized closed sets form a stronger tool in the characterization of topological spaces satisfying weak separation axioms. In 1982, Dr.S. R. Malghan introduced generalized closed maps in topological spaces and investigated some of their properties. Recently Nakaoka and N. Oda introduced minimal open sets and maximal open sets in topological spaces.
In section 2, a new class of mappings called minimal continuous maps that includes a class of minimal irresolute maps in topological spaces. In section 3 minimal closed maps that includes a class of minimal homeomorphisms are introduced in topological spaces. Some properties of such classes of mappings are obtained. Throughout this chapter (X, t), (Y,s) and (Z, h) denote topological spaces on which no separation axioms are assumed unless otherwise explicitly mentioned. For any subset A of a topological space (X, t), closure of A, interior of A and complement of A are denoted by cl (A), int (A) and Ac respectively. We recall the following definitions, which are prerequisites for our present study.
In the year 1965, I. A. Zadeh [18] introduced the concept of fuzzy subset as a generalization of that of an ordinary subset. The introduction of fuzzy subsets paved the way for rapid research work in many areas of Mathematical Science.
In the year 1968, C. L. Chang [4] introduced the concept of fuzzy topological spaces as an application of fuzzy sets to topological spaces. Subsequently, several researchers like J. A. Goguen, C. K. Wong , R. H. Warren , R. Lowen , M. Ferraro and D. H. Foster , S. R. Malghan and S. S. Benchalli , G. Balasubramanian and P. Sundaram and many other authors contributed to the development of the theory and applications of fuzzy topology. The theory of fuzzy topological spaces can be regarded as a generalization theory of topological spaces.
This section is intended to provide a brief introduction to fuzzy subsets and fuzzy topology. The concept of a fuzzy subset, operations on fuzzy subsets, fuzzy subsets induced by mappings and fuzzy topological spaces are discussed in this section, which are subsequently used in this chapter. Section 2 deals with minimal continuous maps that include a class of maximal continuous maps in fuzzy topological spaces. In section 3, minimal open maps that include a class of maximal open maps are characterized in fuzzy topological spaces.
3.Project Investigator
Dr. (Smt.) S.N. Banasode, Associate Professor. Department of Mathematics.
“RECENT STUDIES IN GENERAL AND FUZZY TOPOLOGY”
Summery
The concept of Topological spaces grew out of the study of real line and Euclidean spaces and the study of continuous functions on these spaces. The study of topological spaces, their continuous functions and general properties makes up one branch known as General Topology. In 1965, L. A. Zadeh introduced the theory of fuzzy sets which proved to be an important milestone in the development of various fields in science and engineering. Fuzzy topology is a kind of topology defined on fuzzy sets. The theory of fuzzy topological spaces can be regarded as a generalization theory of topological spaces.
This project consists of two chapters. It is an elaborate study of a new type of stronger form of generalized closed sets in topological spaces called generalized minimal closed sets with basic properties, their respective continuous maps, closed maps, homeomorphisms and their extension to fuzzy topological spaces.
Chapter 1:In 1970, one of the most turning point that took place in topology was the introduction of the concept of generalized closed sets in topological spaces by N. Levine in order to extend many of the important properties of closed sets to a larger family. Due to this concept many authors have defined various forms of generalized closed sets and generalized continuous mappings in topological spaces and fuzzy topological spaces .In 2001 & 2003, F. Nakaoka and N. Oda introduced minimal open sets and maximal open sets in topological spaces.These new classes of sets can be applied to various aspects of general and fuzzy topology. Likewise these new classes of sets have been applied to introduce a new class of sets called generalized minimal closed sets in topological spaces.
Chapter 2: In the year 1965, I. A. Zadeh introduced the concept of fuzzy subset as a generalization of that of an ordinary subset. The introduction of fuzzy subsets paved the way for rapid research work in many areas of Mathematical Science. In the year 1968, C. L. Chang introduced the concept of fuzzy topological spaces as an application of fuzzy sets to topological spaces. Subsequently, several researchers like J. A. Goguen , C. K. Wong , R. H. Warren, R. Lowen, M. Ferraro and D. H. Foster, S. R. Malghan and S. S. Benchalli , G. Balasubramanian and P. Sundaram and many other authors contributed to the development of the theory and applications of fuzzy topology. The theory of fuzzy topological spaces can be regarded as a generalization theory of topological spaces.
In Chapter 1, generalized minimal closed sets have been introduced in topological spaces and some of the basic properties have been investigated. In this Chapter the definition and the properties of generalized minimal closed sets have been extended to fuzzy topological spaces by using fuzzy minimal open sets.
4.Project Investigator
Prof. ShabbirAhmed Dilawarsab Gorinaik, Associate Professor. Department of Chemistry.
“GROUND WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF BELGAUM CITY”
Summery
The basic requirements for human survival, viz. air, water and land must be properly managed to protect and grow the human race on this earth. The quality and quantity of the valuable resources are very important to ensure better public health and adequate food supply
Due to the pollution of the surface water resources by various human Activities including Industrialization and Urbanization, most of the cities are depending upon ground water for the water supply. The Replenishable Ground Water (RGW) resource was estimated by the working groups based on a large volume of hydro-geological and related data generated by Central Groundwater Board and the State Groundwater Organization is around 432 km3.
Ground water is becoming an important source of water supply in many regions since the there has been a tremendous increase in the demand for the fresh water due to growth in population. The rapid growth of urban areas has adversely affected the ground water quality because of over exploitation of resources and improper waste disposal practices. Therefore, in order to understand the water related problems, it was necessary to take up multidisciplinary approach so that it will be useful to the society.
It was planned to divide the Belgaum city in to ten monitoring stations they are. 1) Gandhi nagar 2) PB Road 3) Vadagoan 4)Bus stand Depot 5) R.L.S Institute 6) Bhagya nagar 7) Tilakwadi 1st Gate 8) Udyam Bag Industrial area 9) Tilakwadi 3rd Gate and 10) Ramtheerth nagar. The ground water samples for various zones are being collected during all seasons of the year. The collected water samples are analyzed for various physical and chemical parameters and are compared to drinking water standards of BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards:10500-1991). The analysis report is as follows.
A higher concentration of TDS is observed at Gandhi Nagar P.B. Road, Udyambag Industrial Area and Vadagaon during the month of May.
Vadagaon area and Ramtheerth Nagar have high turbidity. Hence ground water in these two areas are contaminated during mansoon and not fit for drinking purpose.
At all monitoring stations except Bus stand depot and R.L.Sc. Institute have permissible range of PH. In these two areas water samples lie slightly on the acidic side. Minimum chloride concentration is observed in Bhagya Nagar and maximum at Gandhi Nagar. This is because of continuous flow of Bellary Nala and its flooding during the mansoon season. Ramteerth Nagar samples show the sulphate concentration above the permissible limit. Minimum hardness is observed in R.L.Sc. Institute and maximum at Udyambag Industrial Area.
In the outskirts of the city concentration of calcium is comparatively higher than city area. Maximum concentration of magnesium is noticed at Udyambag and minimum at R.L.Sc. Institute. In general, both calcium and magnesium are comparatively lower in the western part of the Belgaum city. Maximum concentration of fluoride is observed in Udyambag Industrial Area and minimum at Tilkwadi 1st gate and R.L.Sc. Institute.
Belgaum is well known for it’s Iron Casting Industries which are located in Udyambag and it’s neighbouring areas. From the study it is evident that foundry Industries are having its impact on ground water samples are showing higher concentration in Udyambag and Tilakwadi 3rd gate.
The overall analysis predicts that water quality detonation has been found to the maximum extent in Udyambag Industrial Area. This is due to improper waste management and protection from over land flow of water.
The quality of water from outskirts of the city is good compared to the other monitoring stations.
5.Project Investigator
Prof. Ramappa A. Yadahalli, Associate Professor. Department of Chemistry.
“RESISTANCE OF POLYMER MODIFIED FLY ASH CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO CHLORIDE ATTACK”
Summery
Chloride attack is one of the most important aspects for consideration when we deal with durability of concrete. The study chloride attack is important because it primarily causes corrosion of reinforcement. Statistics have shown about 40% failure of structures is due to corrosion of reinforcement. Chloride enters the concrete from cement, water, aggregates and sometimes from admixture. Chloride can enter the concrete by diffusion from environment. By carbonation we mean the reaction of CO2 with hydrated cement. Carbonation neutralizes the alkaline nature of the hydrated cement paste and thus the protection (passivity) of steel from corrosion is destroyed. If the full depth of cover to reinforcement is carbonated and moisture and oxygen can ingress, corrosion of steel and possibly cracking will result. The formation of rust results in an increase in volume compared with original steel, so that swelling pressures will cause cracking and spalling of concrete.
Cement concrete by the virtue of its properties has become the most widely used building material throughout the world. Strength and durability are the major properties of concrete which justifies its use for a specified purpose. With the research and development in material science and construction technology different types of concretes having a higher strength and an improved durability have been developed. These concretes are produced using different type of admixtures along with various pozzolanic materials and are termed as “Special concretes”. One such type of special concrete is “Polymer Concrete”.
Polymer is a chain-like structure formed by the chemical combination of one or more than one type of organic molecules which are termed as monomers. The chemical process of formation of a polymer is termed as polymerization. Polymers are used for imparting certain special properties to the conventional concrete. The use of polymers in concrete modifies the flow characteristics of fresh concrete as well as enhances its strength and durability in hardened state. Some of the most commonly employed polymers in concrete are Urethanes, Acrylics, Styrene butadiene resins (SBR), Vinyl and Epoxies. The use of polymers in concrete increases its cost considerably. However the direct cost should not be the sole basis of an economic assessment as a substantial improvement in the performance of concrete and a much higher durability can be achieved.
The use of pozzolanic materials is as old as the art of concrete construction. Pozzolanic materials are siliceous or siliceous and aluminous materials, which in themselves possess little or no cementatious value, but will, in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium hydroxide liberated on hydration at ordinary temperature, to form compounds possessing cementatious properties. One such useful pozzolanic material is the “Fly ash”.
Fly ash is solid fine grained material resulting from the combustion of pulverized coal in power station. It is a waste product of the power plants and ash is collected in mechanical and electronic separators bag filters. The chemical and physical composition of Indian Fly ash vary from plant to plant an account of use of coal from different sources, different process technologies and vary operating condition in plants of the total Fly ash generated. Only the volume collected in dry form is more suitable for addition in cement concrete.
There are mainly two categories of Fly ash depending upon type of coal and resultant chemical analysis. Class “C” Fly ash; normally produced from combustion of the lignite or sub-bituminous coals, contains CaO higher than 10% and process cementitious properties in addition to pozzolanic properties. Class “F” Fly ash normally produced from the combustion of bituminous or anthracite coals contents CaO below 10% pozzolonic properties. The quantity of Fly ash currently being used in structural concrete in India varies from 15% to 50%.
The use of Fly ash reduces the average pore size of the cement paste and hence develops a dense interfacial zone between aggregate and matrix which helps to improve the resistance of the concrete against the penetration of harmful ions like chlorides. The minor research project work presented is an attempt to study the resistance of polymer modified Fly ash concrete with a view of achieving a concrete which can resist the chloride attack efficiently. Also part of cement is replaced with Fly ash thereby reducing quantity of cement and also environmentally hazardous Fly ash is properly utilized. Reduction in cement along with addition of Fly ash produces a concrete which is more eco-friendly.
The main objective of this experimental study is to investigate the resistance of polymer modified Fly ash concrete subjected to chloride attack with varying percentages of polymer in it. The polymer modified Fly ash concrete is subjected to chloride attack for 60 days. Different percentages of SBR Latex polymer addition studied are 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7% and 8%.
The literature review suggests that a lot of investigations have been done with respect to Fly ash and polymer concrete. But the literature is almost silent about PMFA 20 concrete subjected to chloride attack. In many circumstances concrete may be subjected to chloride attack. If PMFA 20 concrete is employed instead of conventional concrete in such conditions, then it is essential to know the resistance of PMFA 20 concrete subjected to chloride attack.
To study the resistance of PMFA 20 concrete with varying percentage of polymer in it when subjected to chloride attack for 60 days in 10% concentrated sodium chloride solution, several experimental works will have carried out. Thus the whole study is laboratory oriented.
The results of study show that addition of 4% polymer into PMFA 20 can result in higher Strength characteristics with improved workability. Also addition of 4% polymer into PMFA 20 concrete can show better resistance to chloride attack.
6.Project Investigator
Shri. Bharama K. Patil, Associate Professor. Department of Chemistry.
“Removal of Industrial Wastewater Colour by use of Low cost Adsorbents”
Summery
Rapid Industrialization and increase of population has led to the problems of environmental pollution, especially of the aquatic environment with multitude of contaminants. Among all the pollutants, colour appears to have a wide impact on various segments of the environment and has its origin due to partially or untreated effluents generated from industries like dyes manufacturing, textile, pulp and paper production , chemical production, paints, varnishes and a host of others. Of these, textile dye effluents are the major contributors of the colour to the receiving water but also interferes with its intended beneficial use.
Many industries producing wastewater containing colour which are harmful to the environment. So, we have undertaken this project work, Removal of industrial wastewater colour by use of low cost adsorbents with the help of Department of civil engineering, KLE’S Dr, M.S. Sheshgiri College of Engineering and Technology, Belgaum.
The process of adsorption is being widely used for wastewater treatment and activated carbon has been frequently used as an adsorbent. Despite its extensive use in the water and wastewater treatment industries, activated carbon remains inexpensive material. In recent years, the need for safe and economical methods for the elimination of pollutants from contaminated waters has necessitated research interest towards the production of low cost alternatives to commercially available activated carbon. Hence there is an urgent need that all possible sources of agro based inexpensive adsorbents should be explored.
The aim of the study was the assessment of the removal of colour of textile industrial wastewater using activated rice husk (ARH), inactivated rice husk (IRH), activated coconut shell fibre (ACSF) and inactivated coconut shell fibre (ICSF) as adsorbents. Because of their easily availability, low cost, easy preparation, handling and storage make them suitable low cost adsorbents. The complete study was done using adsorption column. The laboratory scale adsorption column was fabricated using acrylic sheets. Attempts were made to compare the adsorption efficiency of activated and inactivated adsorbents. Adsorption isotherem was also studied besides the calculations of optimum treatment parameters of maximum reduction of colour concentration from textile industry effluent.
The equilibrium time for ARH, IRH, ACSF, ICSF was attained after 30min, 60min, 90min, 120 and 180min respectively. The column was operated at different feed concentrations varying from 500 mg/l to 2000 mg/l at optimum contact time. The Maximum percentage reduction of colour concentration reading ARH and IRH was 91% and 62.70% respectively and with ACSF and ICSF reduction was 92.20% and 68.70% respectively.
The overall studies revealed that activated coconut shell fibre (ACSF) gave highest adsorption capacity compared to other adsorbents. Thus, the potential for agriculture waste that litter our environment such as orange peel , groundnut husk, coconut husk, neem leaves etc. may be valuable resources for removal of organic matter (colour) from industrial wastewater.
7.Project Investigator
Smt. C.S. Patil, Assistant Professor. Department of Chemistry.
“Novel synthesis and characterization of nitro and thio -substituted simple heterocyclic derivatives of triazine trichloride (Cyanuric Chloride)”
Summery
Cyanuric Chloride belongs to triazene series class of heterocyclic compounds. There are three nitrogen atoms and three highly reactive chlorine atoms in the nucleus of triazine trichloride. It is a symmetrical molecule and is optically active compound. Cyanuric chloride is 2, 4, 6, trichloro-1, 3, 5-triazine generally known as S-triazine. The structure of cyanuric chloride is
-
- Molecular formula : C3Cl3N3
- Molecular weight : 184.41
Cyanuric chloride is best purified by crystallization from anhydrous organic solvents such as light petroleum. Cyanuric chloride is very slightly soluble in cold water. There is increase in solubility, when more amount of acetone is added to the water. Hence acetone be the best solvent to be used for carrying out the reactions.
Cyanuric chloride is very reactive and sensitive compound as one, two or three of its chloride atom undergo replacement on treatment with almost any nucleophilic reagent. Such replacement reactions, especially those that with amines ( Nitro-compounds), Mercaptones (thio-compounds), hydrazines, Hydroxy, Phenolic compounds and other nitrogen containing heterocycles are capable of being carried out stepwise, so that according to the condition – mono � di or -tri condensation products may be obtained and it is this property that makes cyanuric chloride so valuable.
The hetero atoms in the ring activates the system for nucleophilic substitution reactions, because of their electronegativity and the dipole measurements, thus accounting for the
-
- Where X is a nucleophile like amino, nitro, thio groups etc.
Triazine trichloride exhibits the stepwise replacement of halogen atoms by different nucleophilic substituents such as amino, nitro, thio, phenolic groups etc.
The presence of three nitrogen atoms and three active chlorine atoms in the nucleus of triazine trichloride is responsible to exhibit the various biological activities. Our attempt is to modify the structure of triazine trichloride by replacing chlorine atom either by nitrogen or thio- (Mercaptones) groups to enhance the biological activity. Keeping this in mind our project is carried out.
The first chlorine atom is replaced at 00C. Similarly, the second chlorine atom at room temperature. A third chlorine atom at 1000C. The other property of cyanuric chloride is that high thermal stability due to its structural symmetry, optically active nature and aromatic character.
In our present work different new mono substituted cyanuric chloride derivatives containing nitro- and thio- substituted derivatives have been synthesized. The structure of synthesized compounds has been confirmed by modern techniques like IR, NMR and C13 NMR. The synthesized derivatives were in good yields of 75 – 85 % with high purity.
Further it is seen that due to incretion of more number of nitro- as well as thio- group in the moiety of traizene chloride enhance the biological activity of synthesized compounds.
The reactions were carried out by using the solvent like acetone / ether / dichloroethane to replace one of chloride atom of triazine trichloride at -100C to 00C in presence of base (NaHCO3 / Na2CO / Pyridine). The pH of the solution is kept below 8. The reactions were carried out using either in a cryostat or in a freezing mixture. The completion of reaction and purity of product was monitored by TLC method using 4:6 ratios of ether and acetone. The synthesized nitro and thio substituted simple heterocyclic derivatives of triazine trichloride were characterized by IR and PNMR spectra.
Procedure: An equimolar mixture of 2, 4, 6,-trichloro-1, 3, 5-triazine (15.5, 42 m. mole) was dissolved in 200ml of dry ether in a glass beaker, solution was cooled at -100C using Cryostat / freezing mixture. To this cold reaction mixture, cold substitutions were added drop wise for about 60 minutes very carefully. The solution of sodium bicarbonate (7.1g, 42m mole) was added to the reaction mixture to maintain alkaline condition. During the addition of sodium bicarbonate, the temperature of the reaction mixture was not allowed to exceed above 00C.
The reaction mixture was stirred mechanically by using standing stirrer in the freezing mixture for about 3 to 4 hours. Ether was evaporated to obtain white crystals of 2-substituted -4, 6,-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine. The completion of the reaction and purity of the product was monitored by TLC method using 4:6 ratio of ether and acetone. The product was recrystallised from n – hexane. The yield of the was about 70 – 80%.
8.Project Investigator
Dr. P.B. Bendigeri, Associate Professor. Department of Botany.
“Evaluation of Water and Phytodiversity of some Historical Wells of Belgaum City, Karnataka”
Summery
The vast majority of the people living in India rely on groundwater for drinking and domestic use. The quality of groundwater depends on a large number of individual hydrological, physical, chemical and biological factors. Water extraction without proper recharge and leaching of pollutants from domestic waste, industrial waste water discharge, agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilizers into the aquifers has polluted groundwater supplies. The pollutants released on the ground can work their way down into groundwater and contaminating it. . These leachates from pollute sources bring about series of changes in the physico-chemical characteristics of water and making it unfit for domestic use. Once the groundwater is contaminated, its quality cannot be restored by stopping the pollutants from the source, as the process of purification by leaching takes more time than the initial period of pollution. The untreated water that is generated from cities is accumulated in parts of city and form into cesspools. These cesspools are becoming good breeding grounds for mosquitoes and also form a source of ground water pollution. The poor drainage system and sanitations have aggregated the problem of quality water supply. Thus large population is at risk of being exposed to water borne diseases of infectious and chemical nature.
India is facing a freshwater crisis and is already evident in many parts of India varying in scale and intensity due to vagaries of monsoon and scarcity of surface water, dependence on ground water resource has increased tremendously in recent years.
Nowadays the Belgaum city is facing the shortage in supply of clean drinking water especially in summer to its ever increasing five lakhs of people of the city. According to City Corporation survey there were more than 2000 open wells in the city. If these wells are rejuvenated then water can be supplied without any problem for next fifty years. Dr. Sir. M. Vishveshwarayya who designed the ‘Rakaskop Scheme’ for Belgaum city in 1934 had mentioned in the Preamble in his report that “Belgaum water supply can be maintained by a chain of wells”.
Ten historical wells are selected for evaluation of water with reference to physico-chemical characterizations and to find any algal members growing in these well waters. The parameters that are selected for evaluation of historical well water are Colour, Dissolved solids, Conductivity, pH, Hardness, Chloride, Sulphate, Calcium, Magnesium, Nitrate, alkalinity, Iron, Fluoride and Chromium. The Physico-chemical Parameters were analysed as per the standard methods described in APHA, 1998, methods of pollution studies described by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking water specifications and methods suggested by Trivedi R.K. and Goel P.K. (1984) in ‘Chemical and Biological Methods for Water Pollution Studies’.
Electrical conductivity is highest in the summer months and comparatively low in winter and rainy seasons. The measurement of electrical conductivity gives the status of purity of water. In all the waters of selected wells the conductivity is seems to be in higher values. This indicates that water is moderately hard and has corrosive property.
Concentration of total dissolved solids in these well waters is below the desirable limit of BIS, 500 mg/L. The Congress well and Nava graham temple well waters showed the values of dissolved solids were near to desirable limit prescribed by BIS.
In all waters of selected historical wells, the pH, throughout the study period, remains in a narrow variable range that is 6.5 to 7.8 and these values of pH are well within the prescribed desirable limit of WHO and BIS. However shows seasonal variation, the pH of groundwater in all the selected historical wells, higher during summer season and declines in the rainy season. The regular measurement of pH is very essential because if something happens to water, such as pollution, the pH of that water changes. It gives early warning signal that the water is contaminating with pollutants and action can be taken immediately.
In the present study concentration of chloride is within permissible limit but chloride concentration is at the edge of the permissible limit in Kamal Basti well. The lower values of chloride are recorded in the rainy season and higher chloride concentration in the months of summer thus showing seasonal variation.
In all the selected well waters the sulphate concentrations varies in a narrow range throughout the study period and are within the desirable limit.
With reference to hardness most of the waters of selected wells fall in the category of soft or moderately hard. The waters of wells of Math galli, Veerabhadranagar and Kamal basti well waters fall under the category of moderately hard. In general the groundwater of these wells is soft.
In the study area, in all the water samples calcium and magnesium levels are within the desirable limit. The maximum concentration of these constituents is observed in the summer that is in the month of May. In the rainy season values of calcium and magnesium declined. Higher values of hardness in the summer may be attributed to the low water level in the wells and also high rate of evaporation of water.
With reference to alkalinity except the water of Kamal Basti well all the remaining wells showed the alkalinity level below the desirable limit prescribed by BIS. The water of Kamal Basti well showed near and slightly above the desirable limit but well within the prescribed maximum permissible limit which is 400 mg/L. It is concluded that the groundwater of Belgaum city is slightly alkaline.
Nitrate concentration in the waters of some wells is more than desirable limit indicating large scale anthropogenic activity and leachates from domestic sewage into the wells. The locality of the wells is also deciding factor for higher nitrate concentration. High nitrate concentration is recorded in the well waters of Shetty Galli well, well Opposite to Kaveri Cold Drink house and in Nava graha Temple well.
In all the selected historical wells of the present study the Iron, fluoride and Chromium concentrations are Below Detectable Level (BDL).
The raw water samples of all these selected wells shown contamination of water with pathogenic bacteria indicating the presence of organic matter in the well water. This is due the contamination water by domestic sewage. While treated and chlorinated water has given satisfactory results for MPN count.
In all waters of historical wells, very few phytoplanktons – Cyanophyceae members, Bacillariophyceae and members of Volvocales and Desmidales, were observed in the rainy season. This is due to the depth and level of water, poor light penetration and regular cleaning of water by City Corporation Authorities.
On the basis of evaluation water of historical wells it may be concluded that the quality of ground water is soft and in some wells it is moderately hard. Excessive concentration of nitrate in the groundwater has been reported in some wells. This is due to organic contamination coming from domestic sewage and agricultural practices. All the parameters that are selected for study showed the results within the permissible limit. However the nitrate concentration in some open wells is alarming. The effective maintenance of water quality of open wells through appropriate control measures, continuous monitoring by analyzing the quality parameters and their use as a supplement to river water may reduce the water crisis of the city. Therefore, the study suggests that constant monitoring and proper treatment of groundwater is essential and prerequisite for use of these waters for drinking purposes.
9.Project Investigator
Shri. Appanna S. Pujar, Associate Professor. Department of Physics .
“INVESTIGATION OF SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES IN SOME MOLECULES THROUGH COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPRIMENTAL METHODS”
Summery
The measurement and interpretation of the molecular vibrational spectra are of fundamental importance that may very well be correlated with physical, chemical and biological processes. The vibrational spectrum is associated with changes in the vibrational motions of the nuclei in a molecule. There are two kinds of vibrational spectra, the Infrared (IR) spectrum and Raman spectrum. The former is produced when the incident infrared radiation causes the change in the molecular electric dipole moment during vibration. The latter is produced when light incident upon the molecule produces changes in the molecular polarizability during vibration. The frequencies (measured in cm-1) of the IR bands are the same as the Raman shift of the bands, both giving the characteristic vibrational frequencies of chemical functional groups; conversely, it is possible to identify the functional groups by their characteristic vibrational bands. It is this aspect of the “Spectra�Structure Correlation” that is hallmark of the scope of vibrational spectroscopy.
For a molecule of N atoms there are 3N-6 (3N-5 for a linear molecule) vibrational degrees of freedom, known as “Normal Modes of Vibration”. The symmetry point group to which a given molecule belongs determines the symmetry properties of normal modes. The vibrational frequencies of normal modes fall into “fundamentals”, “overtones” and “combinations”. The fundamentals are the lowest vibrational frequencies; overtones are the multiples of the fundamentals; and the combinations are the sum or difference of fundamentals or overtones. Even the IR spectrum of a diatomic molecule shows overtones of its only one fundamental. The complexity of the spectrum increases with the size of the molecule. The IR spectrum of, say, the benzene molecule, consists of large number of bands though it has only 30 normal modes of vibration. However, due to its high symmetry, several of the normal modes are doubly degenerate; thereby there are only twenty observed fundamental bands. As there are six carbon and six hydrogen atoms in the benzene ring the normal modes fall into CH and CC stretching, CH and CC in-plane bending, CH and CC out-of-plane bending vibrations. Some CH vibrations are sensitive to the position, the type and the number of substituents, leading to changes in magnitudes of intensities and frequencies of the observed bands. Thus, the interpretation of the vibrational spectrum of benzene derivatives can be used as a tool to groups.
The vibrational spectra of substituted benzene such as 2-chloro-6-trifluoromethylphenylisocyanate show features rather similar to benzene. In the present work we report a systematic study and interpretation and vibrational band assignments for identify the type as well as functionality of the chemical functional, the experimental FTIR spectrum of 2-chloro-6-trifluoromethylphenylisocyanate with the aid of density functional theoretical electronic structure calculation at B3LYP/6-31G*level of theory. The electronic structure calculations have been performed using Gaussian 03W software, giving optimized structure, energies, harmonic vibrational frequencies. All the computed harmonic frequencies have been scaled with suitable scale factor 0.9614.
Literature survey of isocyanate and phenylisocyanate derivatives
It seems that study of experimental spectrum 2-chloro-6-triflouromethylphenylisocyanate with the aid of theoretical electronic structure calculation has been not done. Therefore, in the present work we carried out the above study.
Nicolet’s Impact 410 FT spectrometer was used for the infrared spectral measurements at room temperature in the range of 4000-400 cm-1. The instrument was provided with a Globar Mid IR source, a deuterated triglycine sulfate (DTGS) solid state detector and a KBr beam splitter. The solid sample was grinded in KBr to form a pellet. The signals were collected for 100 scans with a resolution of 4cm-1.
The structure of the 2-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl phenylisocyanate belongs to C1 symmetry with 45 normal modes of vibration. The molecular electronic energy is -1196.3583708 hartrees at B3LYP/6-31G*level. The observed vibrational frequencies were analyzed and assigned to different normal modes of the molecule. The error obtained between experimental and theoretical frequencies is in general very low. Other general conclusions have also been deduced. There is good agreement between theory and experiment.
In the present work, vibrational assignments have been made based on �Spectra-Structure Correlations”, aided by the electronic structure calculations that is, the scaled theoretical vibrational fundamental frequencies. Assignments are discussed with experimental frequencies and calculated B3LYP/6-31G* frequencies. Vibrations are visualized with the aid of GaussView, that is output of Gaussian is analyzed through GaussView and assignments are made.
Vibrational assignments for FTIR spectrum of 2-chloro-6-trifluoromethylphenylisocyanate has been proposed, aided by the hybrid density functional method: B3LYP level using 6-31G* basis set. Characteristic benzene as well as C-X vibrations is in the correlation range. The CF3 stretching vibrations are modified as compared to CH3 vibrations. We also note that the in-plane and out-of-plane C-X bending vibrations show dominance in the region below 650 cm-1. All the assignments are in agreement with the similar systems.
10.Project Investigator
Shri. Udaysingh Ramsingh Rajput, Associate Professor. Department of Chemistry .
“DESIGN SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL EVALUATION OF PYRAZOLE ANALOGUES”
Conclusion
In conclusion, we have successfully synthesized some 5-(4-cyanophenyl)-3-aryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (4a-e) derivatives by reaction between (E)-4-(3-oxo-3-arylprop-1-en-1-yl)benzonitrile and thiosemiarbazide. The some of the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H-NMR. These new chemical entities were evaluated for their in vitro antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Among the tested derivatives, compound (4c) showed most promising in vitro activity. It is conceivable that these analogues showing antitubercular activity can be further modified to exhibit better activity than the standard drugs. The results of this work might be helpful for the design and synthesis of novel antitubercular agents.
11.Project Investigator
Dr. (Smt) Jyoti S. Kawalekar, Associate Professor. Department of Botany .
“PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF THE FLORAL ORGANS OF PONGAMIA PINNATA LINN. (FABACEAE FAMILY)”
Summary
In the present study, floral organs of Pongamia pinnata Linn. were investigated for the macroscopic characterization. The observations were tabulated .The dried powder of, floral organs was subjected to extraction with petroleum ether, Ethanol and Water. The percentage yield obtained from the non-polar solvents i.e. petroleum ether (2.87% ) was less as compared to the yield obtained from the polar solvents i.e. ethanol and water (5.7% and 6.8% respectively).
The present study carried out on the floral organs of Pongamia pinnata Linn. revealed the presence of medicinally active compounds. The phytochemical characters of the floral organs investigated showed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, steroids, flavanoids, tannins and phenolic compounds. But saponins and alkaloids were absent.
Presence of the above mentioned phytochemicals are of great value in the pharmaceutical industries. Carbohydrates are the primary dietary source of energy for cells and are called as metabolic fuels. They are the main reserve food material in plants and animals. They are used as raw materials in several industries such as paper, textile etc. Proteins are also of great importance .They help in chemical coordination of body, act as growth hormones, and also help in defense mechanism. It should be noted that sterol compounds are of importance are of interest in pharmacy due to their relationship with sex hormones. The plant Pongamia pinnata Linn. has a great medicinal value and is used for various ailments. The use of herbal preparations for therapeutic remedies is as old as man himself. Several remedial properties have been attributed from this plant like plant bacterial activity etc. The present study has been found useful in the identification of several constituents present in the solvent extract of the plants. The presence of various bioactive compounds justifies the use of the floral organs for various ailments by traditional practitioners. Based on the present account of biochemical compounds found in the floral organs of Pongamia pinnata Linn. plant is opined that they can be used for therapeutic purposes. This awareness can be used for the further development of phytomedicines from the floral parts of this plant. It can also help the biotechnologists to study the types of phytochemicals and their production in the cells and mass production of these so as to meet the needs of the public and also their genetic control.
12.Project Investigator
Prof.R.S. Maben , Assistant Professor. Department of Zoology .
“BIODIVERSITY OF BIRDS OF BELGAUM CITY”
Summary
In the present study, floral organs of Pongamia pinnata Linn. were investigated for the macroscopic characterization. The observations were tabulated .The dried powder of, floral organs was subjected to extraction with petroleum ether, Ethanol and Water. The percentage yield obtained from the non-polar solvents i.e. petroleum ether (2.87% ) was less as compared to the yield obtained from the polar solvents i.e. ethanol and water (5.7% and 6.8% respectively).
The present study carried out on the floral organs of Pongamia pinnata Linn. revealed the presence of medicinally active compounds. The phytochemical characters of the floral organs investigated showed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, steroids, flavanoids, tannins and phenolic compounds. But saponins and alkaloids were absent.
of the above mentioned phytochemicals are of great value in the pharmaceutical industries. Carbohydrates are the primary dietary source of energy for cells and are called as metabolic fuels. They are the main reserve food material in plants and animals. They are used as raw materials in several industries such as paper, textile etc. Proteins are also of great importance .They help in chemical coordination of body, act as growth hormones, and also help in defense mechanism. It should be noted that sterol compounds are of importance are of interest in pharmacy due to their relationship with sex hormones. The plant Pongamia pinnata Linn. has a great medicinal value and is used for various ailments. The use of herbal preparations for therapeutic remedies is as old as man himself. Several remedial properties have been attributed from this plant like plant bacterial activity etc. The present study has been found useful in the identification of several constituents present in the solvent extract of the plants. The presence of various bioactive compounds justifies the use of the floral organs for various ailments by traditional practitioners. Based on the present account of biochemical compounds found in the floral organs of Pongamia pinnata Linn. plant is opined that they can be used for therapeutic purposes. This awareness can be used for the further development of phytomedicines from the floral parts of this plant. It can also help the biotechnologists to study the types of phytochemicals and their production in the cells and mass production of these so as to meet the needs of the public and also their genetic control.
Birds are an integral part of the Earth’s eco-mechanism and play an important role in maintaining balance of nature. Avifauna are important for the ecosystem as they play various roles as scavangers, predators of insect pest, pollination, bioindicators of different kind of environment like urbanization and industrialization. Birds are very sensitive indications of pollution problems. the present study is focused not only on diversity of birds, but also to find their status and to create awareness for their conservation.
Belgaum is known for its pleasant weather, ponds, lakes, greenery, availability of abundant food, attracting variety of birds since many years and considered as stop-over site for migratory birds. During the study, 86 species of birds belonging to 41 families and 15 orders which are local and migratory including aquatic birds, waders and others were recorded. The order-Passeriformes dominated the list followed by Ciconiiformes, Coraciiformes, Falconiformes, Charadriiformes,Piciformes,Gruiformes,Pelecaniformes,Anseriformes,Galliformes, Columbiformes, Cuculiformes, Strigiformes, Podicipediformes and Psittaciformes.
Belgaum city is facing anthropogenic pressure from surrounding areas like urbanization, industrialization , agricultural activities and recent advances in telecommunications and media are responsible for radio-magnetic rays which may have deletrious effect on smaller lifeforms. Though some birds have greater tolerance to disturbances and imbalances in the environment and can adapt themselves to varied habitats, not all species can cope well with such changes.Alteration of habitat leads to increasing loss of biodiversity. Among the apparent and sensitive components of any ecosystem, bird species are sensitive enough to indicate the state of the environment.Such indicator species like House sparrows are of great importance with respect to conservation,as their population is declining due to dangers posed to their survival by a host of factors including mobile towers.
Thus it is very essential to bring about awareness among youth, public and government in protecting the habitats of birds in Belgaum city for long term conservation of its biological diversity, as Belgaum city with its pleasant weather,ponds, lakes, greenery, availability of abundant food is a home for different species of birds.
13.Project Investigator
Dr. M.S. Patil , Associate Professor. Department of Physics .
“SIMULATION OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE FILTERS”
Summary
The simplest electronic passive filters are based on combination of resistors, inductors and capacitors. These filters come under the type of RC, RL, RLC and LC. Limitations of passive filter studies are completely eliminated in active filter studies. The present trend includes miniaturization with the increase in package density and the reliability of the circuit as a filter. It is not possible to obtain lower values of inductors of the order or micro or nano Henry, from passive elements. Active filters on other hand employ transistors or Operational amplifiers in addition to resistors and capacitors. A.C. filters are designed by using a combination of passive and active filter components. Operational amplifier is frequently used in the design of active filters. These filters have a high Q factor and achieve resonance without the use of inductors. However the response is limited by the band width of the operational amplifier.
Classical active RC filters have a serious limitation of implementing directly in monolithic form due to large chip area and wide tolerance and temperature dependence of passive components. This problem can be solved using OTA-C filters. Several limitations of operational amplifier in the design of active filters are overcome by replacing the device by Operational Transconductance Amplifier(OTA). The OTA has linear electronic tuneability and wide tuneable range of its transconductance gain in a very wide frequency range. The various studies on active filter uses an OTA and capacitor. This filters have another advantage over quality factor which is tuneable. The passive components used in the design are grounded. Hence any studied structure can be integrated there by exhibiting low sensitivity.
In order to investigate the various stated properties our study is focused on OTA low pass filter and OTA band pass filter using Linear Transformation method. Results of OTA low pass filter and OTA band pass filter will be compared with Op amp low pass filter and Op amp band pass filter. The studied structures are useful for continuous time full integration OTA-C filter design and in improving accuracy of transducer measurements and its related applications. In our investigations LM13600 IC will be used. This will be improved version of second generation of CA3080.
14.Project Investigator
Miss Milan. S. Bagi, Asst.Professor. Department of Botany .
“SURVEY OF NOISE POLLUTION LEVELS IN TRAFFIC ZONES OF BELGAUM CITY”
Summary
Introduction: Man is created to enjoy the bountiful nature bestowed to him by God. But the series of ecological & environmental disaster made man realize that he will kill himself if he thoughtlessly disturbs the environment which he is a part. Environment pollution is a result of urban industrial technological revolution.
The word noise is derived from the Latin ‘nausea’ meaning a feeling of sickness. Noise is any unwanted electro-magnetic signal that produces a dis-pleasing effect & which interferes with human communication, comfort & health. Crowded cities & towns, mechanized means of transport, new devices of recreation & entertainment at places of worship are the noise emitting sources.
Unpleasantness and harmful effects of noise depends on a)Intensity of sound waves, b)Frequency, c)Duration of a exposure and d)Intermittence of sound (Rettinger 1977, Lohani 1984).The growth of noise pollution is unsustainable because it involves direct as well as cumulative effect. Under Article 19(1)(a) read with the Article 21 of the Indian constitution necessary ingredients of the right to life to live in harmony and peace are guaranteed.
A case-study:-Noise Pollution levels in traffic zones of Belgaum city. Belgavi is located in the north western part of the state of Karnataka in the southern region of India. Belgavi city is transformed into the urban industrial centre & a hub of Educational institutes in the out skirts of the city. In addition Population of Belgavi town has phenomenally increased in the last 3-4 years. Due to these reason there is rise of immigrant population from neighbouring towns for occupation & for business. This is leading to increase in transportation i.e. increased use of personal & public transport, which is in turn contributing to higher levels of noise.
Material & Methodology: A field survey was carried out in different Traffic zones of Belgavi city with the help of a sound level meter HTC 1352. Readings were recorded at several traffic sites, road junctions, at a height of 3meters from ground level from morning 9.00 a.m.to evening 6.00p.m. {with a gap of two hours} for a period of twelve months. Readings recorded were fed into the laptop and graphs were obtained with peak values at different time intervals of the day, throughout the city and collected data was analyzed.
Result and Discussion: The traffic noise levels recorded show that there is a rise in the no. of vehicles use before/after office & school hours, also during lunch break, near the educational institutes, hotels, hospitals, government offices & Banks as are located along all these traffic zones. The noise levels range from 78.2 db to 95db. Signals installed at these zones sort of control traffic jam, but honking, racing of bike speed by students is common along Lingraj college road, Bogarves, Channamma circle & R.P.D.college road increases noise levels. In the interior of the city, traffic jams occur on bazaar day i.e. Saturday, Wednesday, during loading/unloading of goods and on all important festival days in the vegetable & fruit market.The noise in these areas ranges from 82.4db to 105.7db.
Summary: Interaction with commuters, pedestrians, vegetable /fruit vendors, students, aged group revealed that the traffic noise leads to hearing loss, head ache, Hyper tension, stress, annoyance, etc. in the long run. Holidays, mornings before 7.30 a.m. & evenings after 8.30p.m.were noise free time slots. People preferred silent zones like gardens to be far from noise, The survey found that many a times they were helpless as their unwilling ears had to bear the high pitch of noise. Many opined that they will use low tone horns only when necessary & ride/drive the mode of transport at 40 kms/hr within city limits, make all them whom they are concerned aware of cumulative effects of sound which is generally perceived as music depending on one’s mood
15.Project Investigator
Smt. Kalpana.I.Pattan, Asst.Professor. Department of Zoology.
“ORNITHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF MIGRATORY BIRDS VISITING HIDKAL CATCHMENT AREA (MRP)”
Abstract
Ornithology is the study of birds. Hence the title refers to the study of migratory birds visiting Hidkal area. It is 30 Kms from Belgaum city & In Taluka Hukkeri of Karnataka state. Climate is Semiarid, Temp range from 27oc to 35oc , Average rainfall annually is 200cms. It is at the bank of river Ghatprabha. Jhindlal, Hannur, Gudganatti, Halmaddi, Yamkanmardi are the villages present on the bank of river.
Regular field Observations are made from December 2009 to may 2011 in catchment area of Hidkal dam. Field Visits are carried once in 15 days. vations are made by using Olympus Binocular of 12X50 EX PSI & Photography is by digital Nikon Camera cool PixPl00 Maximum birds are found in near water bodies.
Counting is by visual observation & bird calls. “Line transect & point Transect” method is also used. Birds mainly migrate to avoid the cold winters freezing of ice, scarcity food etc. During winter About 1000-2000 Northern Shovelere & Pochards are regular visitors. About 20 different species in flocks(including summer & winter visitors) are commonly seen. In this area along with local birds area in rich in marshy plants paddy fields & tank margins. All these physical features attract the birds from thousands of miles.
This is a proper place for ornithologists for study research & creating awareness among villagers.
16.Project Investigator
Prof. B.B.Bawache, Associate Professor . Department of Physics.
“SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF SOME ORGANIC POLYATOMS BY COMPUTATIONAL AND METHODS”
Summary
The molecular vibrational spectra is co-related to physical and chemical nature of a molecule. There are two kinds of vibrational spectra, one is IR spectra and other is Raman spectra. IR spectrum is produced due to dipole moment during vibration, where as Raman spectrum is produced, when light is incident on the molecule, which cause a change in molecular polarisability during vibration. The frequencies (measured in cm-1 ) of IR band are same as Raman shift of the band. These shifts are the characteristic frequencies of chemical functional groups. Based on these observations the chemical group can be identified. This aspect is a hall mark of “Spectra – Structure – Correlation� in vibrational spectroscopy.
In a molecule containing N atoms , there are 3N-6 vibrational degrees of freedoms. These are known as �Normal modes of vibration”. A symmetry point group to which a molecule belong determines the symmetry properties of normal modes. The vibrational frequencies of normal modes fall into “fundamental”, “overtones” and “combinations”. The fundamentals are the lowest vibrational frequencies, overtones are multiples of fundamentals and combinations are the sum or differences.
The IR spectra of benzene molecules have thirty modes of vibrations. Because of high symmetry several normal modes are doubly degenerate. There by there are only twenty observed fundamental bands.
There are six carbon and six hydrogen atoms in the benzene ring the normal modes fall into CH and CC stretching, CH and CC in-plane bending, CH and CC out-of-plane bending vibrations. Some CH vibrations are sensitive to the position, the type and the number of substituents, leading to changes in magnitudes of intensities and frequencies of the observed bands. Thus, the interpretation of the vibrational spectrum of benzene derivatives can be used as a tool to group.
The vibrational spectra of substituted benzene such as 2-methoxyphenyl isocynate show features rather similar to benzene. In the present work we report a systematic study and interpretation and vibrational band assignments for identify the type as well as functionality of the chemical functional, the experimental FTIR spectrum of 2-methoxyphenyl isocynate with the aid of density functional theoretical electronic structure calculation at B3LYP/6-31G*level of theory. The electronic structure calculations have been performed using Gaussian 03W software, giving optimized structure, energies, harmonic vibrational frequencies. All the computed harmonic frequencies have been scaled with suitable scale factor 0.9614.
Literature survey :
It seems that study of experimental spectrum 2-methoxyphenyl isocynate with the aid of theoretical electronic structure calculation has been not done. Therefore, in the present work we carried out the above study.
Nicolet’s Impact 410 FT spectrometer was used for the infrared spectral measurements at room temperature in the range of 4000-400 cm-1. The instrument was provided with a Globar Mid IR source, a deuterated triglycine sulfate (DTGS) solid state detector and a KBr beam splitter. The solid sample was grinded in KBr to form a pellet. The signals were collected for 100 scans with a resolution of 4cm-1.
In the present work, vibrational assignments have been made based on �Spectra-Structure Correlations�, aided by the electronic structure calculations that is, the scaled theoretical vibrational fundamental frequencies. Assignments are discussed with experimental frequencies and calculated B3LYP/6-31G* frequencies. Vibrations are visualized with the aid of GaussView, that is output of Gaussian is analyzed through GaussView and assignments are made.
Vibrational assignments for FTIR spectrum of 2-methoxyphenyl isocynate has been proposed, aided by the hybrid density functional method: B3LYP level using 6-31G* basis set. Characteristic benzene as well as C-X vibrations is in the correlation range. We also note that the in-plane and out-of-plane C-X bending vibrations show dominance in the region below 650 cm-1. All the assignments are in agreement with the similar systems.
The infrared and Raman spectral measurements have been made for title molecule. The Structure of the spectra is considerably different from their parent-phenyl isocyanate. The vibrational structure of shows features different from the spectra of with regard to the substituents� position, and methyl, in-plane and out-of-plane vibrations. A complete vibrational assignment has been proposed, aided by electronic structure calculations (at B3LYP using 6-311G++ basis set) and normal coordinate treatment. Potential energy scanning for the molecule was performed by varying two dihedral angles and four conformers were identified. Potential energy distributions (PEDs) suggest that several normal modes are coupled in varying degrees. Further, the determination of stable structures with regard to NCO and CH3 at B3LYP/6-311G++ level of theory has been attempted. The orientation of NCO has been found to be the same in all the four conformers as in phenyl isocyanate. Characteristic benzene as well as CH vibrations are in the correlation range around. The CH3 stretching vibrations are well defined and are present at the expected frequencies. We also note that the in-plane and out-of-plane bending vibrations show dominance in the region below 650 cm-1. The highly characteristic NCO asymmetric stretching mode was observed at the same position as in case of parent phenyl isocyanate molecule (2268 cm-1). The ring breathing modes were suppressed due to the substitution of methyl and methoxy groups. Further all the modes and assignments are in agreement with the similar systems.
17.Project Investigator
Prof. Prof. V.G. Astagi, Principal Investigator.
“THE STUDY OF ADVERSE EFFECTS OF MEDICINES AND SUBSTITUTE FOR SUCH MEDICINES BY ECO-FRIENDLY MEDICINES”
Summary
A person with drug toxicity has accumulated too much of a medication in the bloodstream. The effects of the medication are more pronounced at toxic levels, and side effects may be severe. Toxicity may result when the dose is too high, or it may result when the liver or kidneys are unable to remove the drug from the bloodstream. Many commonly prescribed medications can accumulate in the bloodstream and result in toxicity. Symptoms of drug toxicity depend on the drug taken. Among all the drugs, the chemotherapeutic agents exhibit more toxicity due to the very narrow therapeutic window (that means there is a less difference in effect and toxic doses). Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with an antineoplastic drug or with a combination of such drugs into a standardized treatment regimen.
The available anticancer drugs have distinct mechanisms of action which may vary in their effects on different types of normal and cancer cells. A single “cure” for cancer has proved elusive since there is not a single type of cancer but as many as 100 different types of cancer. In addition, there are very few demonstrable biochemical differences between cancerous cells and normal cells. For this reason the effectiveness of many anticancer drugs is limited by their toxicity to normal rapidly growing cells in the intestinal and bone marrow areas. This results in the most common side effects of chemotherapy: myelosuppression (decreased production of blood cells, hence also immunosuppression), mucositis (inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract), and alopesia (hair loss).
Conclusion
In conclusion, all the five tested extracts were found to decrease the cytotoxicity induced by doxorubicin when given along with the extracts to the extent of 27 � 37% in cancerous A � 431 cell lines and the extracts of Ficuls racemosa, Cromolina odorata and Crussia critica to the extent of 36 � 53% in normal BRL � 3A cell lines. These results indicate the cytoprotective effect of the extracts against these two cell lines, especially the protection of normal cells. The concomitant use of the above extracts, especially Ficus racemosa may be highly beneficial in reducing the side effects of doxorubicin. The results are very encouraging and with this lead, further studies can be planned in more number of cell lines and in vivo studies in animals. The studies can also be extended to other anticancer drugs.
18.Project Investigator
Prof. S.L.Galagali, Associate Professor in Physics.
“STRUCTURAL, ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF CADMIUM SUBSTITUTED MAGNESIUM FERRITES”
Summary and Conclusions
Ferrites are iron oxide based ferrimagnetic materials, which behave like ferromagnets. They posses high resistivity and low eddy current losses. Hence they find wide range of applications from microwave to radio frequencies. The present work deals with the synthesis and characterization of Cd substituted magnesium ferrites along with electric and magnetic properties
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- Chapter 1 includes introduction to ferrites, types of ferrites, properties of ferrites, applications and orientation of the project.
- Chapter 2 is meant for preparation and characterization. It includes methods of preparation, sintering, actual preparation. Characterization is done by X-ray, IR and SEM. Single phase formation is confirmed by X-ray diffractograms. Absorption bands are determined by IR studies. SEM micrographs indicate fine grains with moderate porosity.
- Chapter 3 is reserved for DC electrical properties. The graph of log ? versus 1000/T indicates break at Curie temperature. It is due to change in conduction mechanism.
- Chapter 4 includes magnetic properties such as saturation magnetization, coercivity, retentivity and magnetic moment etc as a function of cadmium.
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References are incorporated at the end of each chapter.
19.Project Investigator
Prof. A.D.Tigadi, Principal Investigator Department of Physics.
“SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES � BASIC PROPERTIES, APPLICATIONS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSESS- A STUDY”
Executive Summary
In the last few decades, electronics has become more and more central to our lives. The only electronics in the house was the radio and the television, both of which contained tubes. Two big things happened that upended that world, the invention of the transistor and the invention of the integrated circuit. A modern integrated circuit or chip may have over a billion transistors on it and Sell for just less cost.
As a result, today our cell phones have more power than the supercomputers thus semiconductors are the foundation of modern electronics A semiconductor is a material that in some cases will conduct electricity but not in others. Good electrical conductors, like copper or silver, easily allow electricity to flow through them. Materials that block the flow of electricity, like rubber or plastic, are called insulators. As the name implies, a semiconductor does not conduct as well as a conductor.
By the addition of different atoms into the crystal lattice (grid) of the semiconductor it changes its conductivity by making n-type and p-type semiconductors. Silicon is the most important commercial semiconductor, though many others are used. They can be made into transistors, which are small amplifiers. Transistors are used in computers, mobile phones, digital audio players and many other electronic devices.
Semiconductor devices are electronic components that exploit the electronic properties of semiconductor materials, principally silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide, as well as organic semiconductors. Semiconductor devices have replaced thermionic devices (vacuum tubes) in most applications. They use electronic conduction in the solid state as opposed to the gaseous state or thermionic emission in a high vacuum.
Semiconductor devices are manufactured both as single discrete devices and as integrated circuits (ICs), which consist of a number�from a few (as low as two) to billions�of devices manufactured and interconnected on a single semiconductor substrate, or wafer.
With all these it is clear that all semiconductor devices, their properties and applications are very important. So here we brought all these in one umbrella. Thus the entire work is divided into four parts,
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- Chapter� I Includes the brief history of semiconductors and semiconductor devices with explanation.
- Chapter � II Includes the list of all the different semiconductor devices and classification under two terminal, three terminal, four terminal and multi terminal devices.
- Chapter- III. Deals the pin identification and study of properties and important applications of some devices like diode, transistors, FET and integrated circuits.
- Chapter- IV Deals with description of manufacturing processes of some devices and those properties.